VI. THE MODERN PERIOD (c. 1914- THE PRESENT)
Video, ‘Edith Kaphuka: Ngwale Village, Malawi’ (2007 CE)
Nine-minute video showing part of a typical day for this thirteen-year-old girl attending a mission school in a village with her sisters and family in Zomba District, Malawi.
(“Edith Kaphuka: Ngwale Village, Malawi.” Global Lives Project, 2007. https://globallives.org/participants/edith-ngwale-village-zomba-district-malawi/.)
THE MODERN PERIOD (c. 1914- THE PRESENT)
(1954 CE) Margaret McCord, The Calling of Katie Makanya: A Memoir of South Africa, extracts
Description: Written from oral interviews with Makanya, this source illustrates the transformation of South Africa due to Western imperialism from the perspective of the remarkable life of one African woman. These extracts cover incidents from her childhood, including her grandmother’s memories of the Zulu Wars, her visit to London, and her work as a nurse for a white doctor.
User notes: Long document extracts, with accompanying article on how to teach ‘The Calling of Katie Makanya.’
Citation: McCord, Margaret. “The Calling of Katie Makanya.” Women in World History, 2021. https://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/p/224.html.
Origin of source: McCord, Margaret. The Calling of Katie Makanya: A Memoir of South Africa. London: John Wiley, 1995.
(1955 CE) The South African Freedom Charter
Description: To produce this document the African National Congress (ANC) and its allied organizations sent volunteers throughout the country to collect “freedom demands” from the people. The final compilation of demands for a new South Africa was acclaimed by over 3000 attendees at a Congress of the People at Kliptown, Soweto; the following day the Congress was broken up by the police with many ANC members arrested (including Nelson Mandela) and the Charter was declared treasonous. Many of its demands, however, ended up in the new constitution of 1994 after apartheid was ended.
User notes: Primary text only; no commentary.
Citation: “(1955) The South African Freedom Charter.” BlackPast.org, 2009. https://www.blackpast.org/global-africa-history/primary-documents-global-african-history/african-national-congress-freedom-charter/.
Origin of source: “African National Congress: South Africa’s National Liberation Movement.” Stated as at http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=./ancdocs/history/charter.html but link no longer functioning.
Description: This is a speech given by the future prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the necessity of African unity to end imperialism and bring about its independence and advancement. In it he appeals to the West to end its colonial regimes and help the new countries with money and industrial expertise.
User notes: Speech only; no commentary.
Citation: “(1959) Patrice Lumumba, ‘African Unity and National Independence.” BlackPast.org, 2009. https://www.blackpast.org/global-africa-history/primary-documents-global-african-history/1959-patrice-lumumba-african-unity-and-national-independence/.
Origin of source: Van Lierde, John, ed. Lumumba Speaks: The Speeches and Writings of Patrice Lumumba, 1958-1961. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1972.
(1960 CE) Patrice Lumumba, last letter to his wife, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
Description: Personal letter written by Lumumba in jail summarizing his commitment to end imperialism and win the independence of the Congo. He was later executed by firing squad on Belgian orders and his body destroyed to avoid it becoming a focal point for resistance.
User notes: Speech only; no commentary.
Citation: “(1960) Patrice Lumumba’s Last Letter to Pauline Lumumba.” BlackPast.org, 2009. https://www.blackpast.org/global-africa-history/primary-documents-global-african-history/patrice-lumumbas-letter-pauline-lumumba-1960.
Origin of source: Van Lierde, Jean, ed. Lumumba Speaks: The Speeches and Writings of Patrice Lumumba, 1958-1961. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1972.
(1969 CE) The South African Student Association’s (SASO) Manifesto
Description: Manifesto of the all-black student organization, SASO, calling for black consciousness and unity against white systematic racism to create a new form of integrated society. The document was produced at SASO’s inaugural conference under the leadership of its first president, Steve Biko. In the 1970s it was an important body working against apartheid; in 1977 Biko died from police beatings in prison and the organization was made illegal soon after.
User notes: Primary document only; no commentary.
Citation: “(1969) SASO Black Students’ Manifesto.” BlackPast.org, 2009. https://www.blackpast.org/global-africal-history/saso-black-students-manifesto/.
Origin of source: Wvan der Merwe, Hendric, Nancy C.J. Charton, D.A. Kotze, and Ake Magnusson, eds. African Perspectives in South Africa. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1978.
(1973 CE) Lucy Mvubelo, speech, ‘My Plea to the International Labor Organization,’ South Africa
Description: As the first black woman on the Executive Council of the Trade Union Council of South Africa Mvubelo was a key figure in the anti-apartheid movement. In this speech she called on all workers groups around the world to struggle against apartheid, specifically by not boycotting South Africa economically.
User notes: Speech only; no commentary.
Citation: “(1973) Lucy Mvubelo, ‘My Pleas to the International Labor Organization.” BlackPast.org, 2009. https://www.blackpast.org/global-africa-history/primary-documents-global-african-history/lucy-mvubelo--my-plea-international-labor-organization/.
Origin of source: Wvan der Merwe, Hendric, Nancy C.J. Charton, D.A. Kotze, and Ake Magnusson, eds. African Perspectives in South Africa. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1978.
(1990 CE) Nelson Mandela, speech, ‘We Have Waited Too Long for Our Freedom,’ South Africa
Description: Speech delivered by Mandela in Cape Town on the day of his release after 28 years of imprisonment by the apartheid government of South Africa. Following his release Mandela negotiated to end apartheid with the president of South Africa, F.W. de Klerk, ultimately leading to a general election in 1994 which the African National Congress won overwhelmingly and Mandela became president.
User notes: Primary text only, no commentary.
Citation: “(1990) Nelson Mandela, “We Have Waited Too Long For Our Freedom.” BlackPast.org, 2009. https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/1990-nelson-mandela-we-have-waited-too-long-our-freedom/
Origin of source: “Nelson Mandela’s Address on His Release from Prison.” African National Congress Speech Archive. Stated as at http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/speeces/1990/sp900211.html but no longer accessible.
(1994 CE) Nelson Mandela’s Inaugural Address, South Africa
Description: Given at Cape Town Mandela recaps the history of South Africa to this point with its first president elected by a majority of its peoples, and looks forwards to the challenges and promises that lie in the future.
User notes: Speech only, no commentary.
Citation: “(1994) Nelson Mandela’s Inaugural Address as President of South Africa.” BlackPast.org, 2009. https://www.blackpast.org/global-africa-history/primary-documents-global-african-history/1994-nelson-mandela-s-inaugural-address-president-south-africa/.
Origin of source: Nelson Mandela. “Address to the People of Cape Town, Grand Parade, on the Occasion of His Inauguration as State President.” Stated as at http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/speeches/1994/sp940509.html but no longer accessible.
(2007 CE) Video, ‘Edith Kaphuka: Ngwale Village, Malawi’
Description: Nine-minute video showing part of a typical day for this thirteen-year-old girl attending a mission school in a village with her sisters and family in Zomba District, Malawi.
User notes: Clip has brief introduction giving Edith’s background as well as acknowledging the volunteer crew member of the shoot; there are also links to further videos documenting her day.
Citation: “Edith Kaphuka: Ngwale Village, Malawi.” Global Lives Project, 2007. https://globallives.org/participants/edith-ngwale-village-zomba-district-malawi/.
*(1908 CE) Mohandas Gandhi, Indian Home Rule
Description: This is taken from Gandhi’s first influential book, Indian Home Rule, offering a sharp critique of European civilization and advocating for “Indian home rule,” self-government, as a step to independence from British imperialism.
User notes: Document extract with a short introduction.
Citation: Morris, Lawrence. "Mohandas K. Gandhi on Colonialism and Nonviolence." In Daily Life through History, ABC-CLIO, 2021. https://dailylife2-abc-clio-com.proxymc.vcccd.edu/Search/Display/1438111.
(1916 CE) Cornelia Sorabji, story of an historical female ruler of Delhi, India
Description: Written by an English-educated Indian woman this tale is based on the story of Raziya, briefly Muslim ruler of the Sultanate of Delhi, and lauds the abilities of a female ruler.
User notes: Primary text with introduction, along with accompanying article on the ‘British Empire.’
Citation: “British Empire: Fiction: Indian Tales of the Great Ones.” Women in World History, 2021. https://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/modules/lesson8/lesson8.php%3Fmenu=1&s=9.html
Origin of source: Sorabji, Cornelia. Indian Tales of the Great Ones. Bombay: Blackie and Son, 1916.
*(1936 CE) Mohandas Gandhi, ‘The Problems and Future of Indian Women’
Description: This extract from Gandhi’s writings summarizes his traditional views of the roles of women in Indian society and the challenges they face in the modern industrialized world.
User notes: Document extract with a short introduction.
Citation: "Mohandas Gandhi: The Problems and Future of Indian Women (1936)." In Daily Life through History, ABC-CLIO, 2021. https://dailylife2-abc-clio-com.proxymc.vcccd.edu/Search/Display/1427307.
*(1942 CE) Mohandas Gandhi, speech on India’s role in World War II
Description: Gandhi delivered this speech before the Indian National Congress as India was contributing substantial aid to Britain during the war. In it he supports India’s response against Nazi Germany in order to win the country’s independence, despite his commitment to non-violence.
User notes: Document extract with a short introduction.
Citation: "Mohandas Gandhi: Speech to Indian National Congress (1942)." In Daily Life through History, ABC-CLIO, 2021. https://dailylife2-abc-clio-com.proxymc.vcccd.edu/Search/Display/1546894.
*(1946 CE) Clement Attlee, speech on British policy on Indian independence
Description: In this statement, as prime minister of Britain, Attlee declared the forthcoming independence of its colony of India, the steps that would be taken to achieve this, and his concerns about the internal divisions within the subcontinent.
User notes: Document extract with a short introduction.
Citation: "British Policy in India (1946)." In Daily Life through History, ABC-CLIO, 2021. https://dailylife2-abc-clio-com.proxymc.vcccd.edu/Search/Display/1546908.
*(1947 CE) Jawaharlal Nehru, ‘Tryst with Destiny’ speech, India
Description: Nehru delivered this speech on Indian independence just as the country shed British colonial rule; in it he highlights both the opportunities and the challenges of the new nation as he became its first president.
User notes: Document extract with a short introduction.
Citation: “Jawaharlal Nehru: Speech on Indian Independence (1947)." In Daily Life through History, ABC-CLIO, 2021. https://dailylife2-abc-clio-com.proxymc.vcccd.edu/Search/Display/1546898.
*(1972 CE) The Simla Agreement, India and Pakistan
Description: Signed by Pakistani President Bhutto and Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi this agreement ended the third war between the two nations over Kashmir. It established a temporary Line of Control, a cease-fire line that divided the disputed territory into regions administered by India and Pakistan, until the issue was finally resolved through meetings between the two nations' heads of government – which has not yet achieved.
User notes: Document extract with a short introduction.
Citation: "Simla Agreement (1972)." In Daily Life through History, ABC-CLIO, 2021. https://dailylife2-abc-clio-com.proxymc.vcccd.edu/Search/Display/1546899.
(1998 CE) Photographs, ‘Soccer Ball Assembly using Child Labor,’ Pakistan
Description: These photographs were taken by the International Labour Organization to show a boy stitching together parts of a soccer ball in Sialkot, the global center of soccer ball production; they also show other child workers in the background.
(They can be paired excellently with the other photograph of child labor contained in the Modern Period section of this bibliography: ‘Child Labor at La Rinconada.’)
User notes: The photographs have an ‘Annotation’ introducing them; there is also an ‘Overview’ introducing all the module’s sources on children as well as an ‘Essay’ and ‘Teaching Strategies’ that offer detailed help on how to present them to students (available from the document link).
Citation: "Soccer Ball Assembly Using Child Labor." In World History Commons, 2021. https://worldhistorycommons.org/soccer-ball-assembly-using-child-labor.
Origin of source: "Young soccer-ball sewer." Reference nos. c0865 and c0857. Photograph by G. Cabrerae. International Labour Organization, 1998. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/media/mediasearch.fiche?p_lang=en&p_ref=C0865 and http://www.ilo.org/dyn/media/mediasearch.fiche?p_id=324&p_lang=en
(2009 CE) Video, ‘Mattu Kumar: Hampi, India’
Description: Six-minute video interviewing this young tour guide and postcard salesman living in a town popular with tourists for its architecture from the Vijaynagar Empire.
User notes: Clip has brief introduction giving Mattu Kumar’s background as well as acknowledging the volunteer crew member of the shoot; there are also links to further videos documenting his day (available from the document link).
Citation: “Mattu Kumar: Hampi, India.” Global Lives Project, 2007. https://globallives.org/participants/muttu-kumar-hampi-india/.
(20th century CE) ‘The Trung Sisters,’ extracts, Vietnam
Description: Extracts from a later account of the spirit tale of two sisters who resisted Chinese rule in the north of Vietnam only to be defeated and ultimately kill themselves – and later their glorification by the Chinese emperor who had their tomb restored.
User notes: PDF file with introduction and questions for discussion; both a short extract and a longer version of the document are provided.
Citation: “Excerpts from ‘The Complete Compilation of the Collected Writings about the Departed Spirits of the Viet Realm: Sovereigns, The Trung Sisters.”’ Asia for Educators, 2020. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/vietnam/trung.pdf.
Origin of source: Ly Te Xuyen. Departed Spirits of the Viet Realm. Translated by Brian E. Ostrowski and Brian A. Zottoli. Cornell University Southeast Asia Program, 1999. 22-23.
*(1945 CE) Ho Chi Minh, Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Description: Written initially as a speech that Ho Chi Minh gave in Hanoi after taking provisional power from the surrendering Japanese army, it is based on the American Declaration of Independence and lays out the reasons why France was not justified in its rule of French Indochina and hence why Vietnam had won the right to rule itself.
User notes: Full text of the Declaration as well as comprehensive explanation and analysis by Tobias Rettig.
Citation: “Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam: The Full Text.” Edited by Brian Bonhomme & Cathleen Boivin. Milestone Documents in World History. Salem, 2010. Online.salempress.com.
(1988 CE) Aung San Suu Kyi, speech to a rally at the Shwedagon Pagoda, Myanmar
Description: This was one of Aung San Suu Kyi’s first speeches against the Burmese military calling for democracy to be restored in the country.
Database: Women in World History
User notes: Primary text and introduction, with accompanying article on ‘Southeast Asian Politics.’
Citation: “Southeast Asian Politics: Speech, Burmese Democracy.” Women in World History, 2021. https://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/modules/lesson12/lesson12.php%3Fmenu=1&s=6.html
Origin of source: Aung San Suu. “Speech to a Mass Rally at the Shwedagon Pagoda.” Freedom from Fear and Other Writings edited by Michael Aris. London: Viking, 1991.
(1988 CE) Photograph, Aung San Suu Kyi, Myanmar
Description: Depicting Aung San Suu early in her campaign for democracy, this photograph shows her in the Burmese female tradition, downplaying her Western background.
Database: Women in World History
User notes: Photograph and introduction, with accompanying article on ‘Southeast Asian Politics.’
Citation: “Southeast Asian Politics: Photograph, Burmese Activist.” Women in World History, 2021. https://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/modules/lesson12/lesson12.php%3Fmenu=1&s=8.html
Origin of source: Thierry, Falise. Photograph of Aung San Suu Kyi.
(1991 CE) Corazon Aquino, State of the Nation Address, the Philippines
Description: When her politician husband was killed Aquino led the movement that overthrew the Marcos’ authoritarian rule of the Philippines to become the first female Philippine president. In this speech she summarizes both the achievements and failures of her presidency – and of democracy – in her country.
User notes: Primary text and introduction, with accompanying article on ‘Southeast Asian Politics.’
Citation: “Southeast Asian Politics: Speech, Philippine State of the Nation.” Women in World History, 2021. https://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/modules/lesson12/lesson12.php%3Fmenu=1&s=5.html
Origin of source: Aquino, Corazon. “The State of The Nation Address 1991.” The Name of Democracy and Prayer: Selected Speeches of Corazon Aquino. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing Inc., 1995.
(2003 CE) Piglas Diwa booklet depicting story of Filipina comfort women
Description: 14 photographs of one leaflet produced by the Lila-Pilipina organization to keep alive the story of the Japanese war crimes committed against women in their country: “The Story of the Past for Peaceful Tomorrow.”
User notes: Photographs only with an accompanying article on ‘Filipino Comfort Women.’
Citation: “Filipino Comfort Women: Piglas Diwa Booklet.” Women in World History, 2021. https://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/p/229.html#.
Origin of source: Piglas Diwa Booklet. Lila-Pilipina. Philippines: GABRIELA (General Assembly Binding Women for Reforms, Integrity, Leadership and Action).
(21st century CE) Lila-Pilipina brochure listing its demands on behalf of Filipina comfort women
Description: Small foldable handout calling for justice for all comfort women from the Japanese and Philippine governments and listing the organization’s position, programs, and demands.
Database: Women in World History
User notes: Photograph only with an accompanying article on ‘Filipino Comfort Women.’
Citation: “Filipino Comfort Women: Lila-Pilipina Brochure.” Women in World History, 2021. https://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/p/227.html#.
Origin of source: Lila-Pilipina Brochure. Philippines: GABRIELA (General Assembly Binding Women for Reforms, Integrity, Leadership and Action).
(21st century CE) Photographs, Filipina comfort women demonstrating for justice
Description: 15 photographs of members of Lila Pilipina demonstrating against the Japanese government by telling their personal stories and demanding justice.
User notes: Photographs with an accompanying article on ‘Filipino Comfort Women.’
Citation: “Filipino Comfort Women: Photographs of Comfort Women.” Women in World History, 2021. https://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/p/228.html.
Origin of source: Lila-Pilipina. Photographs. Philippines: GABRIELA (General Assembly Binding Women for Reforms, Integrity, Leadership and Action).
*(1927 CE) Mao Zedong, ‘Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan,’ The P.R.C.
Description: This report was written to the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party after most of its members had fled from the Nationalists’ attack against them in the cities. Mao had gone to Hunan province where he reassessed who the Party needed to work through to succeed in a rural country such as China; this report is his answer and became one of the defining documents of Mao and Maoism.
User notes: Full text of the Report as well as comprehensive explanation and analysis by Lisa Tran.
Citation: “Mao Zedong’s ‘Report On An Investigation Of The Peasant Movement In Hunan’: The Full Text.” Edited by Brian Bonhomme & Cathleen Boivin. Milestone Documents in World History. Salem, 2010. Online.salempress.com.
Description: One of the many articles initiating and guiding the early stages of the Cultural Revolution, it illustrates the fervent devotion to Mao of the period and extols the use of violence in his and the revolution’s cause. It was first published in the People’s Liberation Army Daily newspaper but was intended for a far wider audience than the soldiers of the P.R.C.
User notes: Full text of treaty as well as comprehensive explanation and analysis by Zachary A. Scarlett.
Citation: “Mao Tse-tung’s Thought Is the Telescope and Microscope of our Revolutionary Cause: The Full Text.” Edited by Brian Bonhomme & Cathleen Boivin. Milestone Documents in World History. Salem, 2010. Online.salempress.com.
(1974 CE) Hao Ran, short story, Date Orchard, The P.R.C.
Description: This short story (9 pages) tells of a man returning to his home village and was written by a foremost writer of the Cultural Revolution; it depicts the values the government was wanting to spread amongst the people during this period.
User notes: PDF file with introduction and questions for discussion.
Citation: Hao Ran. Date Orchard. Asia for Educators. Translated by Marsha Wagner. Accessed November 6, 2021. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/china/hao_ran.pdf.
Origin of source: Chinese Literature. Vol. 4 (April 1974): 36-48.
(1978 CE) Wei Jingsheng, ‘The Fifth Modernization: Democracy,’ The P.R.C.
Description: As the key leader of the Fifth Modernization movement Wei here makes his foundational statement on the need to expand on Deng Xiaoping’s Four Modernizations. He wrote it when he was a student before his series of arrests and imprisonments by the Chinese government.
User notes: PDF file with introduction and questions for discussion; both a short extract and a longer version of the document are provided.
Citation: “‘The Fifth Modernization: Democracy’ by Wei Jingsheng (1978).” Asia for Educators, 2021. Accessed November 6, 2021. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/cup/wei_jingsheng_fifth_modernization.pdf.
Origin of source: Sources of Chinese Tradition: From 1600 Through the Twentieth Century. Edited by William Theodore de Bary and Richard Lufrano. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000. 497-500.
(1986 CE) Chinese propaganda poster, ‘Studying for the Mother Country’
Description: Produced during the Four Modernizations reform era under Deng Xiaoping this poster illustrates the new emphasis on education, for girls as well as for boys, in the service of the People’s Republic of China.
User notes: The illustration has an ‘Annotation’ introducing it; there is also an ‘Overview’ introducing all the module’s sources on children as well as an ‘Essay’ and ‘Teaching Strategies’ that offer detailed help on how to present them to students (accessible from the document link).
Citation: "Studying for the Mother Country, 1986." In World History Commons, 2021. https://worldhistorycommons.org/studying-mother-country-1986.
Origin of source: "Studying for the Mother Country, 1986." Stefan Landsberger’s Chinese Propaganda Poster Pages, 2009. http://www.iisg.nl/landsberger/index.html.
(1989 CE) The May 13 Hunger Strike Declaration, The P.R.C.
Description: Written by the student leaders of the occupation of Tiananmen Square, this declaration marks the start of the extreme phase of protest in response to the government’s failure to acknowledge their demands.
(This document pairs well with the ‘Interview at Tiananmen Square with Chai Ling’ document that marks the end of the protests, in the same section of this bibliography.)
User notes: PDF file with introduction and questions for discussion; both a short extract and a longer version of the document are provided.
Citation: “The May 13 Hunger Strike Declaration (1989).” Asia for Educators, 2020. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/china/tiananmen_hunger_strike.pdf.
(1989 CE) Chai Ling, interview at Tiananmen Square, The P.R.C.
Description: This is the transcript of an interview of Chai Ling, one of the section leaders of the Tiananmen Square protest movement, hours before the People’s Liberation Army moved in to clear the students from the Square.
(This document pairs well with ‘The May 13 Hunger Strike Declaration’ document that marks the start of the more extreme phase of the protests, in the same section of this bibliography.)
User notes: PDF file with interview transcript only; no introduction or questions for discussion are provided.
Citation: “Interview at Tiananmen Square with Chai Ling.” Asia for Educators, 2020. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1950_chailing.htm.
Origin of source: None given.
(2008 CE) Video, ‘Kai Liu: Convenience Store Manager, Anren, China’
Description: Five-minute video documenting a typical morning in the life of this citizen of the People’s Republic of China.
User notes: Clip has brief introduction giving the background of Kai Liu and the photographer crew members; there are also links to further videos documenting his full day.
Citation: “Kai Liu: Convenience Store Manager, Anren, China.” Global Lives Project, 2008. https://archive.org/details/globallivesproject_Kai_Liu_2008_man_Anren_CN-51_024514-030015/.
(1921 CE) Okuma Shigenobu, ‘Illusions of the White Race,’ Japan
Description: Observations of a major Meiji reformer on the racism of the West, written after the Treaty of Versailles just before his death.
User notes: PDF file with brief introduction and questions for discussion; both a short extract and a longer version of the document are provided.
Citation: “Illusions of the White Race (1921), by Okuma Shigenobu.” Asia for Educators, 2020. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/illusions.pdf.
Origin of source: What Japan Thinks. Edited by Kawakami. New York: Macmillan, 1921.
*(1994 CE) ‘Japanese Biological Experiments: Testimony of Anonymous Hygiene Specialist’
Description: An account by a Japanese worker of some of the medical and biological experimental work undertaken by Unit 731 in Manchuria as part of Japan’s war against the Chinese.
User notes: extract introduced with ‘Keep in Mind as you Read’ and suggested questions and topics to consider; it also has an ‘Aftermath’ section bringing the document up to date.
Citation: "Japanese Biological Experiments: Testimony of Anonymous Hygiene Specialist of Unit 731." In Voices of World War II: Contemporary Accounts of Daily Life, edited by Priscilla Roberts, 167-171. Voices of an Era. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, 2012. Gale eBooks. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2731100042/GVRL?u=moor85003&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=3bc6fb00.
Origin of source: Gold, Hal. Unit 731: Testimony, 178-181. Tokyo: Yenbooks, 1996.
(2007 CE) Video, ‘Rumi Nagashima: Tokyo, Japan’
Description: Ten-minute video documenting a typical morning in the life of this wheel-chair bound Japanese student the year of her graduation with a degree in Management Studies.
User notes: Clip has brief introduction giving the background of Nagashima and the photographer crew members; there are also links to further videos documenting her full day.
Citation: “Rumi Nagashima: Tokyo, Japan.” Global Lives Project, 2007. https://globallives.org/participants/rumi-nagashima-tokyo-japan/.
(20th century CE) ‘Oral histories of the Colonial Era,’ Republic of Korea
Description: Extracts from three varied accounts of the Japanese occupation of Korea by a former fisherman, school student, and university graduate.
User notes: PDF file with introduction and questions for discussion; both a short extract and a longer version of the document are provided.
Citation: “Oral Histories of the Colonial Era.” Asia for Educators, 2020. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/korea/colonial_experiences.pdf.
Origin of source: Under the Black Umbrella: Voices from Colonial Korea, 1910-145. Edited by Hildi Kang. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001. 55-56; 117-118; 123-124.
*(1919 CE) Declaration of Independence, Republic of Korea
Description: This document was produced and circulated by a group of students in response to the taking over of Korea by Japan the previous year. It led to the March First Movement that called for the independence and self-determination of the country; although moderate in tone the document was declared illegal and its authors and the Movement was persecuted by the occupying Japanese until the efforts for Korean independence had to move abroad.
User notes: Primary document along with comprehensive explanation and analysis by Jacqueline Pak.
Citation: “Korean Declaration Of Independence: The Full Text.” Edited by Brian Bonhomme & Cathleen Boivin. Milestone Documents in World History. Salem, 2010. Online.salempress.com.
(20th century CE) ‘Oral histories of the Comfort Women,’ Republic of Korea
Description: Extracts from an account by Kim Tokchin on her recruitment in Korea to work in a factory, rape on arrival in Japan, and imprisonment in a brothel to service Japanese soldiers.
User notes: PDF file with introduction and questions for discussion; both a short extract and a longer version of the document are provided.
Citation: “Oral Histories of the Comfort Women.” Asia for Educators, 2020. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/korea/comfort_women.pdf.
Origin of source: True Stories of the Korean Comfort Women. Translated by Young Joo Lee. Edited by Keith Howard. London: Cassell, 1995. 42.
Description: The author founded al-Qaeda in Saudi Arabia in 1988 and wrote this article shortly after his move to Afghanistan, calling for world jihad against the United States and its allies in response to their offensive actions. The declaration was published in an Arabic newspaper in England; within the next few years al Qaeda initiated several attacks against US personnel in the Middle East and elsewhere culminating in the September 11th attacks within America.
User notes: Full speech as well as comprehensive explanation and analysis by David Commins.
Citation: Osama bin Laden. “Osama Bin Laden’s Declaration of Jihad against Americans: The Full Text.” Edited by Brian Bonhomme & Cathleen Boivin. Milestone Documents in World History. Salem, 2010. Online.salempress.com.
*(2001 CE) Betty Ong, ‘Transcript of Flight Attendant Betty Ong,’ Afghanistan
Description: This source is drawn from the 9/11 Commission Report. It is the transcript of the call of one of the flight attendants on Flight 11, destined to hit the north tower of the World Trade Center, as she attempts to notify authorities of what is happening.
User notes: Extract from the Report with introduction and discussion of its significance.
Citation: Betty Ong. “Transcript of Flight Attendant Betty Ong.” In Terrorism: Essential Primary Sources, edited by K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, 280-284. Detroit, MI: Gale, 2006. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3456600124/OVIC?u=moor85003&sid=bookmark-OVIC&xid=7e47ef3a.
*(2004 CE) 9/11 Commission Report, ‘Outline of the 9/11 Plot,’ Afghanistan
Description: The 9/11 Commission, formally known as The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, was an independent, bipartisan commission created to prepare a full account of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. This extract outlines the selection and training by al-Qaeda of the terrorist pilots and “muscle hijackers” who carried out the attacks.
User notes: Extract from the Report with introduction and discussion of its significance.
Citation: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. "9/11 Commission Report." Terrorism: Essential Primary Sources, edited by K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. Gale, 2006, 303-307. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3456600131/OVIC?u=moor85003&sid=bookmark-OVIC&xid=5728de3e.
*(1911 CE) Bylaws of the Black Hand/Union or Death, Austria-Hungary
Description: This document includes the key articles of the rules of the Union or Death terrorist organization whose most infamous member was Gavrilo Princip, assassinator of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in 1918.
User notes: Extract with introduction and discussion of its significance
Citation: Black Hand. “Bylaws of the Organization: Union or Death.” In Terrorism: Essential Primary Sources, edited by K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, 110-112. Detroit, MI: Gale, 2006. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3456600060/OVIC?u=moor85003&sid=bookmark-OVIC&xid=c2c5f379.
(1929 CE) Soviet newspaper article, ‘On the Path to a Great Emancipation’
Description: Article produced for International Communist Women’s Day to celebrate the freedom of Soviet women compared with women of the Russian past and of elsewhere in the present.
User notes: Primary text and introduction, with accompanying article on ‘Soviet Dictatorship.’
Citation: “Soviet Dictatorship: Newspaper, Women’s Equality.” Women in World History, 2020. https://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/p/45.html.
Origin of source: Pravda. “On the Path to a Great Emancipation.” March 8, 1929.
(1930 CE) Drawing, ‘Old Way of Life,’ showing a Soviet woman driving a tractor
Description: This newspaper illustration was produced for International Communist Women’s Day to celebrate the freedom of Soviet women compared with their peers of the Russian past, symbolized in the drawing by cooking pots, etc.
User notes: Drawing and introduction, with accompanying article on ‘Soviet Dictatorship.’
Citation: “Soviet Dictatorship: Drawing, Old Way of Life.” Women in World History, 2020. https://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/p/46.html.
Origin of source: Izvestiia. “Old Way of Life.” March 8, 1930.
(1936 CE) Chart, Women’s employment in the Soviet Union
Description: Chart produced by the government detailing employment of women in industry, construction, agriculture, transport, trade and food, and service areas.
User notes: Primary text and introduction, with accompanying article on ‘Soviet Dictatorship.’
Citation: “Soviet Dictatorship: Quantitative Evidence, Women’s Employment.” Women in World History, 2020. https://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/p/49.html.
Origin of source: Pravda. “On the Path to a Great Emancipation.” March 8, 1929.
(1940s CE) ‘World War II’s Eastern Front: Operation Barbarossa,’ U.S.S.R.
Description: This is a collection of primary sources illustrating the German attack on the Soviet Union during World War II, including the Operation’s outset through East Europe as well as the sieges of Leningrad and Stalingrad. It includes contemporary cartoons, documents and short radio clips as well as later analysis by historians.
User notes: The collection has an introduction to the topic before the fifteen sources, each briefly titled. They all have links to their original source for sharing or can be copied and downloaded for use. There is also a ‘Teaching Guide’ with discussion questions and class activities available from the document link.
Citation: Kerry Dunne. “World War II’s Eastern Front: Operation Barbarossa.” 2018. Retrieved from the Digital Public Library of America. https://dp.la/primary-source-sets?subject=world-history&order=chronology_asc.
Origin of sources: Each of the fifteen sources has a ‘Cite this item’ button to view their different origins.
(1950 CE) Milada Horakova, extracts from three letters written on the eve of her execution in Prague
Description: Written by a Czech feminist politician to her mother-in-law, her daughter, and her husband before she was hanged by the Communist government for refusing to accept its legality.
User notes: Primary text, along with accompanying article on the ‘Letters of Milada Horakova.’
Citation: “Letters of Milada Horakova.” Women in World History, 2020. https://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/p/230.html.
Origin of source: Iggers, Wilma A. Women of Prague: Ethnic Diversity and Social Change from the Eighteenth Century to the Present. Providence: Berghahn Books, 1995.
(1953 CE) Soviet poster, ‘Pioneers and Students, Get Interested in Modeling!’
Description: This propaganda poster was one of many produced to encourage young people to practice healthy and useful hobbies that would benefit the state as they became adults.
User notes: The poster has an ‘Annotation’ introducing it; there is also an ‘Overview’ introducing all the module’s sources on children as well as an ‘Essay’ and ‘Teaching Strategies’ that offer detailed help on how to present them to students (available from the document link).
Citation: "Traditional Soviet Values for Children." In World History Commons, 2021. https://worldhistorycommons.org/traditional-soviet-values-children.
Origin of source: "Pioneers and School Children, Get Interested in Modeling." Soviet Union. Courtesy of the Wende Museum, Los Angeles, CA, 1953.
(1972 CE) ‘Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe’ (The Helsinki Accords)
Description: These were signed during the Cold War by 35 countries after several years of negotiations. They indirectly accepted the status quo of an Eastern Europe under Soviet control and, perhaps more importantly, in Article VII laid out a shared commitment to human rights throughout Europe that would eventually help end Soviet dominance and the Cold War itself.
User notes: Full document text as well as comprehensive explanation and analysis by Brian Bonhomme.
Citation: “Helsinki Final Act: The Full Text.” Edited by Brian Bonhomme & Cathleen Boivin. Milestone Documents in World History. Salem, 2010. Online.salempress.com.
(1999 CE) Photograph, ‘Child Labor at La Rinconada,’ Peru
Description: This photograph was taken by the International Labour Organization to show a boy between 6 and 10 years old working as a stone-crusher at the highest gold mine in the world, at over 16,000 feet above sea level.
(This photograph can be paired excellently with the photographs under ‘Soccer Ball Assembly Using Child Labor’, also in the Modern Period section of this bibliography.)
User notes: The photograph has an ‘Annotation’ introducing it; there is also an ‘Overview’ introducing all the module’s sources on children as well as an ‘Essay’ and ‘Teaching Strategies’ that offer detailed help on how to present them to students (available from the document link).
Citation: "Child Labor at La Rinconada." In World History Commons, 2021. https://worldhistorycommons.org/child-labor-la-rinconada.
Origin of source: Gianotti, E. "La Rinconada child crushing gold-bearing rocks." Photograph. International Labour Organization (ILO), Peru 1999. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/media/mediasearch.fiche?p_id=384&p_lang=en.
(2006 CE) Video, ‘Rael Filiciano: Sao Paulo, Brazil’
Description: Ten-minute video showing part of a typical day for this young man who as a musician leads a hip-hop group and concurrently works as a City Permit Inspector to support himself.
User notes: Clip has brief introduction giving Rael’s background as well as acknowledging the volunteer crew members of the shoot; there are also links to further videos documenting his day.
Citation: “Rael Filiciano: Sao Paulo, Brazil.” Global Lives Project, 2007. Accessed November 1, 2021. https://globallives.org/participants/israel-rael-feliciano/.
*(1948 CE) Universal Declaration of Rights, The United Nations
Description: Produced by the UN’s Human Rights Commission, chaired by America’s Eleanor Roosevelt, this is the first world-wide declaration of human rights – personal, political, economic, social, and more. Eight countries abstained in the final vote and some articles are still variously interpreted, however it represents an ideal that much of the world still aspires to reach.
User notes: Full text of the Declaration as well as comprehensive explanation and analysis by Patricia Van Der Spuy.
Citation: “Universal Declaration Of Human Rights: The Full Text.” Edited by Brian Bonhomme & Cathleen Boivin. Milestone Documents in World History. Salem, 2010. Online.salempress.com.
*(1972 CE) The Convention on Biological Weapons
Description: Following from the Hague and the Geneva Conventions this expanded on the international effort to limit the horrors of modern warfare. Its full title describes its content:
“The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction;” the treaty came into effect once it received over 21 signatures in 1975.
User notes: Full text of treaty as well as comprehensive explanation and analysis by Michael J. O’Neal.
Citation: “Biological Weapons Convention: The Full Text.” Edited by Brian Bonhomme & Cathleen Boivin. Milestone Documents in World History. Salem, 2010. Online.salempress.com.
Document identifying number: Permalink https://online-salempress-com.proxymc.vcccd.edu/articleDetails.do?articleName=mdwh_144b
(2007 CE) Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations: Child Malnutrition
Description: This chart shows the proportion of children under 5 years old who are underweight in 1990 and in 2007; there was an overall reduction from 33% to 26% globally but that still left over 140 million children as underweight and led the UN to declare it would not reach its goal to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger by 2015.
(This source can be paired with the UN’s Millennium Development Goals reports on primary school enrollment and gender parity in education from 2009 and 2007, also in this bibliography.)
User notes: The source has an ‘Annotation’ introducing it; there is also an ‘Overview’ introducing all the module’s sources on children as well as an ‘Essay’ and ‘Teaching Strategies’ that offer detailed help on how to present them to students (available from the document link).
Citation: "Millennium Development Goals: Child Malnutrition 2006," in World History Commons, https://worldhistorycommons.org/millennium-development-goals-child-malnutrition-2006
[accessed October 18, 2021].
(2007, 1920, and 1880) Chart, ‘Age Limit in Age of Consent Laws in Selected Countries’
Description: This chart illustrates the age of consent in different countries around the world at these three different dates, ranging from 10 to 20 years old; the United States figures are also broken down by state.
User notes: The source has an ‘Annotation’ introducing it; there is also an ‘Overview’ introducing all the module’s sources on children as well as an ‘Essay’ and ‘Teaching Strategies’ that offer detailed help on how to present them to students (available from the document link).
Citation: "Age of Consent Laws." In World History Commons, 2021. https://worldhistorycommons.org/age-consent-laws.
(2007 CE) Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations: Gender Parity in Basic Education
Description: These charts compose part of the UN’s annual report on one of its eight goals set in 2000 to improve poverty around the world; there are two included, one on enrollment in primary schools and one on secondary school enrollment.
(This source pairs well with the UN’s Millennium Development Goals report on primary school enrollment from 2009.)
User notes: The source has an ‘Annotation’ introducing it; there is also an ‘Overview’ covering all the module’s sources on children as well as an ‘Essay’ and ‘Teaching Strategies’ that offer detailed help on how to present them to students (available from the document link).
Citation: "Millennium Development Goals: Gender Parity in Basic Education 2007." In World History Commons, 2021. https://worldhistorycommons.org/millennium-development-goals-gender-parity-basic-education-2007.
(2009 CE) Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations: Primary School Enrollment
Description: This composes part of the UN’s annual report on one of its eight goals set in 2000 to improve poverty around the world; it includes a second chart on the distribution of and main reasons for out-of-school children around the world.
(This source pairs well with the UN’s Millennium Development Goals report on gender parity in basic education from 2007.)
User notes: The source has an ‘Annotation’ introducing it; there is also an ‘Overview’ introducing all the module’s sources on children as well as an ‘Essay’ and ‘Teaching Strategies’ that offer detailed help on how to present them to students (available from the document link).
Citation: "Millennium Development Goals: Primary School Enrollment 2009." In World History Commons, 2021. https://worldhistorycommons.org/millennium-development-goals-primary-school-enrollment-2009.