II. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD (c. 1000 BCE - 500 CE) - PHOENICIAN TERRACOTTA VESSEL, PROBABLY A BABY BOTTLE, TUNISIA (399 - 200BCE)
This Phoenician terracotta vessel has a face drawn on it and was probably used as a baby bottle and filled with milk or another sweet liquid.
("Phoenician Baby Bottle." In World History Commons, 2021.
Image. https://worldhistorycommons.org/phoenician-baby-bottle.)
THE CLASSICAL PERIOD (c.1000 BCE-500 CE)
(6th century CE) Coptic spell for a man to obtain a lover, Egypt
Description: A spell to attract a man to a man, in this case for ‘Paparo’ to attract ‘Phello’ as his lover.
User notes: Primary source with brief note of explanation.
Citation: “Coptic Spell: Spell for a Man to Obtain a Lover.” The Internet Modern History Sourcebook. Accessed November 3, 2021. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/pwh/copticspell.asp.
Origin of source: “Spell 84: For a Man to Obtain a Male Lover (Ashmolean Museum).” In Paul C. Smither, "A Coptic Love Charm", Journal of Egyptian Archeology 25 (1939: 173-174).
(730-146 BCE) Artifacts, children’s graves in the Tophet of Carthage, Tunisia
Description: These two grave markers are from the children’s cemetery (‘tophet’) in Carthage, one a stone grave marker and the second a funerary urn. There is an ongoing debate on whether they are evidence of child sacrifice in Carthaginian society.
User notes: The grave markers have an ‘Annotation’ introducing them; there is also an ‘Overview’ introducing all the module’s sources on children as well as an ‘Essay’ and ‘Teaching Strategies’ that offer detailed help on how to present them to students (available from the document link).
Citation: "Tophet of Carthage." In World History Commons, 2021. Images. https://worldhistorycommons.org/tophet-carthage.
Origin of sources:
Grave marker: Sheldon, Natasha, photographer. "The Tophet of Carthage." Archaeology: May 8, 2008.
Terracotta urn: Whitred, James, photographer. The Punic Project, American Schools of Oriental Research, 2010.
(399-200 BCE) Phoenician terracotta vessel, probably a baby bottle, Tunisia
Description: This Phoenician terracotta vessel has a face drawn on it and was probably used as a baby bottle and filled with milk or another sweet liquid.
User notes: The bottle has an ‘Annotation’ introducing the photograph; there is also an ‘Overview’ introducing all the module’s sources on children as well as an ‘Essay’ and ‘Teaching Strategies’ that offer detailed help on how to present them to students (available from the document link).
Citation: "Phoenician Baby Bottle." In World History Commons, 2021. Image. https://worldhistorycommons.org/phoenician-baby-bottle.
Origin of source: Cohen, Kathleen, photographer. “Punic.” World Image Kiosk.
(Early 3rd century CE) ‘The Acts of Thomas,’ religious text
Description: Section from one of the books of the Apocrypha detailing the punishment of gay people in hell.
User notes: Primary source with brief note of explanation.
Citation: “The Acts of Thomas.” The Internet Ancient History Sourcebook. Accessed November 3, 2021. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/pwh/actsthom.asp.
Origin of source: The Apocryphal New Testament, translated by M.R. James. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924.
*(5th century BCE) Mahabharata, religious text, India
Description: These moral sayings taken from the story of the Mahabharata illustrate how early Hindu peoples believed they should live everyday with their fellow humans.
User notes: Document with brief introduction
Citation: "Mahabharata: Moral Precepts (Ca. Fifth Century BCE)." In Daily Life through Histoy, ABC-CLIO, 2021. https://dailylife2-abc-clio-com.proxymc.vcccd.edu/Search/Display/1845318.
Origin of source: Larned, J. N. A Multitude of Counsellors. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1901.
*(Traditional) Photograph, Kumbh Mela celebration: woman bathing, India
Description: A Hindu woman bathes in the Ganges River on the first day of the Kumbh Mela festival in Allahabad, India, on January 9, 2001 – as her Classical forbearers would have done.
User notes: Photograph with brief introduction
Citation: "Kumbh Mela Celebration." In Daily Life through History, ABC-CLIO, 2021. Image. https://dailylife2-abc-clio-com.proxymc.vcccd.edu/Search/Display/1515699.
Origin of source: AP Photo/Saurabh Das
*(Traditional) Embroidery, Jainism: World view chart, India
Description: This 19th-century embroidery shows the unique geography and cosmology of Jainism, an Indian religion founded in the 6th century BCE during the Classical Period.
User notes: Document with brief introduction
Citation: "Jainism World View Chart." In Daily Life through History, ABC-CLIO, 2021. Image. https://dailylife2-abc-clio-com.proxymc.vcccd.edu/Search/Display/1523782.
Origin of source: Courtesy of the Library of Congress
*(Traditional) Photograph, Jain Priests, India
Description: A recent photo of a group of Jain priests in Rajasthan. Jainism is an ancient Indian religion founded in the 6th century BCE during the Classical Period.
User notes: Document with brief introduction
Citation: "Jain Priests at Ranakpur Temple in Rajasthan." In Daily Life through History, ABC-CLIO, 2021. Image. https://dailylife2-abc-clio-com.proxymc.vcccd.edu/Search/Display/1523778.
Origin of source: Corel
*(321-296 BCE) Kautilya: Advice to Kings or The Arthashastra, political text, India
Description: In this extract from the Arthashastra, the Classical Indian book of political and military advice for kings, the author(s) present a dialogue offering various views of the sorts of people that kings should appoint as ministers.
User notes: Document with brief introduction
Citation: "Kautilya: Advice to Kings (Ca. 321–296 BCE)." In Daily Life through History, ABC-CLIO, 2021. https://dailylife2-abc-clio-com.proxymc.vcccd.edu/Search/Display/1989793.
Origin of source: Kautilya. Chanakya's Arthasastra, or, The Science of Politics. Translated by Rudrapatna Shamasastry. Mysore, India: G.T.A. Press, 1908.
*(c. 300 BCE) Megasthenes, Indica, extract on agriculture in India
Description: Megasthenes was a Classical Greek traveler who visited India under the rule of the Mauryans. In this passage he describes with respect its successful agriculture and its farmers.
User notes: Document with brief introduction
Citation: "Megasthenes: on Ancient Indian Agriculture (Ca. 300 BCE)." In Daily Life through History, ABC-CLIO, 2021. https://dailylife2-abc-clio-com.proxymc.vcccd.edu/Search/Display/1983789.
Origin of source: Megasthenes. Ancient India as Described by Megasthenes and Arrian. Translated by John Watson McCrindle. Calcutta, India: Thacker, Spink, & Co., 1877.
*(c. 64 BCE – 21 CE) Strabo, Geographica, extract on Indian urban life
Description: The Greek geographer Strabo wrote this account of the structures and organization of Indian cities during the Mauryan Empire.
User notes: Document with brief introduction
Citation: "Strabo: Indian Urban Life." In Daily Life through History, ABC-CLIO, 2021. https://dailylife2-abc-clio-com.proxymc.vcccd.edu/Search/Display/1437765.
Origin of source: The Geography of Strabo. Volume VII. Translated by Horace Leonard Jones. London and New York: Loeb Classical Library, 1930.
*(2nd century CE) Arrian, extract describing Indian cities
Description: This Greek historian followed Alexander the Great in his campaigns, including across India, and here briefly comments on Indian cities.
User notes: Document with brief introduction
Citation: "Description of Indian Cities." In Daily Life through History, ABC-CLIO, 2021. https://dailylife2-abc-clio-com.proxymc.vcccd.edu/Search/Display/1797691?sTypeId=2.
Origin of source: Arrian. Volume II. Translated by E. Iliff Robson, with revisions by P. A. Brunt. Cambridge and London: Loeb Classical Library, 1933.
(163 and 178 CE) ‘Edict of Emperor Wen on the Primacy of Agriculture’ and Chao Cuo’s ‘Memorial on the Encouragement of Agriculture,’ China
Description: Pair of documents on agriculture with the first, from the emperor, posing the problem during the Han dynasty and the second, by one of his ministers, offering a solution – which was then followed with success by Emperor Wen.
User notes: Two PDF files with introductions and questions for discussion; both short extracts and longer versions of the documents are provided.
Citations:
“Edict of Emperor Wen on the Primacy of Agriculture.” Asia for Educators, 2020. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/cup/emperor_wen_agriculture.pdf.
“Memorial on the Encouragement of Agriculture.” Asia for Educators, 2020. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/cup/chaocuo_agriculture.pdf.
Origin of source: Sources of Chinese Tradition. Compiled by Wm. Theodore de Bary and Irene Bloom. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999. 354-357.
License: “The resources on AFE are open to all -- as long as there is no fee charged by others for their use. All the copyright info on each resource should be visible.”
(4th century BCE) Greek terracotta of two girls playing knuckle bones, Italy
Description: This small sculpture illustrates the Greek ideal of young women at play – both in physical appearance and occupation.
User notes: The artifact has an ‘Annotation’ introducing it; there is also an ‘Overview’ introducing all the module’s sources on children as well as an ‘Essay’ and ‘Teaching Strategies’ that offer detailed help on how to present them to students (available from the document link).
Citation: "Ancient Greek Adolescent Girls at Play." In World History Commons, 2021. https://worldhistorycommons.org/ancient-greek-adolescent-girls-play.
Origin of source: Courtesy of the British Museum [GR 1867.5-10.1 (Terracotta D 161)].
(c. 450 BCE) The Twelve Tables, law code, Rome
Description: These were the original laws of the city of Rome, traditionally engraved on twelve tablets and placed in the forum for all to view. Each tablet detailed a different area of law: judicial proceedings, paternal power, inheritance, ownership of property, penalties for misdoings, and general laws.
User notes: The document is provided in full and has a brief introduction; it is available as a link to the site only.
Citation: “The Twelve Tables.” The Lillian Goldman Law Library. Avalon Project - Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy. Accessed November 26, 2021. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/twelve_tables.asp.
Origin of source: Ancient Roman Statutes: Translation. With introduction, commentary, glossary, and index by Allan Chester Johnson, Paul Robinson Coleman-Norton, and Frank Card Bourne. General Editor: Clyde Pharr. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1961.
(2nd century BCE) Roman sarcophagus showing a child’s life course, Italy
Description: This marble sarcophagus shows three stages in the life of the child along one of its sides: as an infant, two depictions as a young child, and then symbolically accompanied by his parents to his funeral.
User notes: The source has an ‘Annotation’ introducing it; there is also an ‘Overview’ introducing all the module’s sources on children as well as an ‘Essay’ and ‘Teaching Strategies’ that offer detailed help on how to present them to students (available from the document link).
Citation: "Child’s Life Course." In World History Commons, 2021. https://worldhistorycommons.org/childs-life-course
Origin of source: Courtesy of the Museo Nationale, Rome; photo DAI Rome, 1537.
*(1st-2nd centuries CE) Plutarch, extract from ‘The Ancient Customs of the Spartans,’ Italy
Description: Although written well after Sparta had been conquered by Rome this extract is one of few that describes the upbringing of male children in Sparta.
User notes: extract has footnotes and is introduced with a ‘Keep in Mind as you Read’ section as well as suggested questions and topics to consider.
Citation: Matz, David. "Growing Up in Sparta was No Picnic." In Voices of Ancient Greece and Rome: Contemporary Accounts of Daily Life, 3-6. Voices of an Era. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, 2012. Gale eBooks. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2730500010/GVRL?u=moor85003&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=50c6a269.
Origin of source: Babbitt, Frank Cole (tr.). Plutarch’s Moralia. Volume III. [LCL.] London and New York, 1931.
*(3rd century CE) extract from ‘The Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas,’ Italy
Description: Traditionally believed to have been written by Tertullian, this extract describes in some detail the martyrdom of two early Christian women from Carthage in the Roman amphitheater under the rule of Emperor Septimius Severus.
User notes: long extract introduced with ‘Keep in Mind as you Read’ as well as suggested questions and topics to consider; it also has an ‘Aftermath’ section on other women martyrs.
Citation: "Women Martyrs." In Voices of Early Christianity: Documents from the Origins of Christianity, edited by Kevin W. Kaatz, 119-123. Voices of an Era. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, 2013. Gale eBooks. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2730600036/GVRL?u=moor85003&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=c7034a2c.
Origin of source: Roberts, Rev. Alexander, and James Donaldson, eds. The Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translations of the Writings of the Fathers Down to A.D. 325, vol. 3. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Company, 1903, 704–6.